Meteorit
Meteors
2.8..2002
Meteor Photos   
Leonid Expeditions 1998, 1999 & 2000   
Meteor Links    
Perseid Predictions for 2004 and 2028   
Leonid Predictions 1999
Leonid Photos 2001 from Taiwan (click Sky Photo Library)

Leonids 2001 in Taiwan (Finnish Expedition Weather Links)

Short Introduction (in Finnish):
Meteorit ovat yleensä pieniä hiekanjyväsiä, jotka maapallon ilmakehään osuessaan palavat ja synnyttävät pimeällä yötaivaalla näkyvän tuikahduksen, tähdenlennon. Meteoreja näkyy eniten meteorimaksimien aikaan.

LEONIDS 2002

Leonid predictions 2002 by Lyytinen, Nissinen and van Flandern:
In Finnish
In English

LEONIDS 2001 

Leonid predictions 2001 by Lyytinen, Nissinen and van Flandern: (r. = revolution)
Article by Esko Lyytinen, Markku Nissinen and Tom van Flandern (WGN August 2001 Draft Version):
"Improved 2001 Leonid storm predictions from a better model including cumulative non-gravitational effects on semi-major axis of particles in Leonid dust-trails"

The Maximums have been expected on the 18th November 2001 at 1028, 1803 and 1820 UT (vs. earlier predictions 1001 UT, 1731 UT and 1819 UT)!

Lyytinen August 2001:
Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (August 2001)

Lyytinen August 2001:
Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (August 2001)

Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (March 2001):
Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (March 2001)

Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (May 2001):Leonid Prediction by Lyytinen (May 2001)

Comparision of the Leonid Radiant Height: (ZHR acc.to Lyytinen)
(Radiant Height in Bold, when the Sun is more than 18 degrees below the Horizon. Normal text, when the Sun is 18...12 degrees below the Horizon. Smaller fonts, when the Sun is less than 12 degrees below the Horizon )
UT / ZHR GUAM
15N / 145 E
TOKIO, JAPAN
35.7N / 139.7 E
SOUTH KOREA
36 N / 128 E
TAIWAN
23N / 121 E
CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA
17 S / 145.5 E
1400 / 200 -2 +3 -6 -18 -13
1500 / 300 +12 +14 +5 -6 +1
1600 / 700 +25 +26 +16 +7 +13
1700 / 2200 +39 +38 +28 +20 +25
1800 / 7000 +53 +50 +40 +33 +36
1820 / 8300 +58 +54 +45 +38 +40
1900 / 3400 +67 +62 +53 +47 +45
2000 / 1600 +80 +72 +64 +60 +50
2100 / 1000 +80 +76 +73 +74 +50
2200 / 600 +67 +70 +75 +88 +45
Start of Twilight GUAM TOKIO, JAPAN SOUTH KOREA TAIWAN AUSTRALIA
Astronomical (-18) 1909 1952 2039 2054 1816
Nautical (-12) 1934 2022 2109 2121 1844
Civil (-6) 2001 2053 2141 2148 1912
Climate studies by AKM (Arbeitskreis Meteore, Germany):
Climate studies for the optimum viewing strip have shown a good likelyhood for clear skies in several East Asian countries (with the unfortunate exception of Japan) as well as Northern Australia, though there are great differences in how the weather patterns develop (they do so in a more predictable manner over Mongolia, China and Korea than Down Under). A stationary observer can expect suitable observing conditions with a likelyhood of between 60 and 80% in various parts of Australia, 70-80% in Taiwan, 75% in Korea, 80% in Mongolia and up to 85% in Northeast China (H. Luethen).

leonidi.jpg (11994 bytes)

Leonid photographed in Hyvinkää, Finland on the 18th November 1997 at 0255 UT. This Leonid came from right and turned from green to red. Coyright: Timo Leponiemi 1997

If You want to see a Real Bolide, see this Astronomy Picture of the Day (19th February 1999)!

Meteors can also reflect VHF (FM and TV) Radiosignals. More information in Finnish.

Taurid on the 17th Nov 1999 at 0030 UT in Tunisia. The brightest star is Procyon (on the second photo).

 Taurid (-3..-5 mag on the left near Procyon) in Tunisia
Taurid in Tunisia 17th Nov 1999 at 0030 UT. The brightest star is Procyon  
More detailed photo
More detailed photos. Nikon EM with 16 mm/f 2.8 Fish-Eye, Kodak Elite II 100 (pushed 1 stop).

THE 1998 LEONID BOLIDE SHOW IN THE GREAT WALL, CHINA
All photographs by Mr. Timo Leponiemi, Finland

Leonid Bolide Animation    Leonid Bolide over the Great Wall on the 16th Nov.1998 at 1946 UT
A bright Leonid bolide over the Great Wall at Jinshanling (117E17 40N40)  in China on 16th November 1998 at 1946 UT (Left: Animated from the photograph by Timo Leponiemi. Right: Another Photo of the same Leonid bolide by 16 mm Fish-Eye)

A Detailed Wiev of the Leonid Bolide
More detailed Wiev of the Leonid Bolide 

Another Leonid Bolide in China
Another Leonid Bolide coming through Orion.

Bright Bolide on the 16th Nov.1998 between 1928 and 1938 UT
Very bright Leonid bolide just in the horizon.

Leonid on the 16th Nov.1998 between 2009 and 2020 UT   Leonid on the 16th Nov.1998 at 2031 and 2037 UT
...and here comes more Leonids!

Leonids on the 16th Nov.1998 between 2037 and 2048 UT
...and The Leonid 1998 Show goes on!

The train of a Leonid Bolide in China   The train of a Leonid Bolide in China
The trains of Leonid Bolides in China

Sikhote-Alin Meteorite ('Baby'-individual)
"Baby"-individual of Sikhote-Alin Iron Meteorite, which fell 22nd February 1947.
The lenght of this sample is 21 millimetres (Collection: Timo Leponiemi).

The 2000 Leonid Expedition (to Ruokolahti, Southeast Finland):
In 2000 I decided to stay in Finland during Leonid maximum. The weather was bad the whole week and it seemed there is only a little chance to see Leonids. On the evening of 17th November at 21 LT (19 UT) I decided to travel to Southeast Finland. According to weather reports and after some phone calls I had an idea that this part of Finland might have a clear weather. It really had the "best available weather" with clear sky at the beginning. After 2 a.m. local time the were some haze and mist. The Leonid activity was quite high during the early morning hours, but there were no super outbursts.

The 1999 Leonid Expedition in Tunisia ("Leonid Rally"): 
In 1999 Mr. Timo Leponiemi and Mr. Janne Pyykkö made their Leonid Expedition in Tunisia (Leonid Rally Tunisia 1999). However the weather was not very good. Anyway, some hundred(s) of Leonids were seen by the group (Timo Leponiemi, Janne Pyykkö, Timo Kinnunen, Jani Katava). The photographic results were almost "zero". This time the leonids were not so bright than in 1998. The expedition started on the 12th November and lasted until the 19th November.

The 1998 Leonid Expedition at The Great Wall, China by Mr. Timo Leponiemi
(More detailed article [in Finnish] of My Leonid Expedition to China on 1998 (incl.Photos):

In 1998 I travelled to Great Wall, China to watch the Leonids. The maximum occured some 16 hours before the predicted maximum, but I was able to see hundreds of Leonids on the night 16th/17th November 1998. I counted 81 Leonids on 45 minutes, even though my main goal was to photograph meteors. The photographic results were quite good as the meteors were mainly very bright (bolides). The weather on the Great Wall was cold with temperatures below zero and the winds were also freezing!

Vuonna 1998 marraskuun 17. ja 18. päivien väliselle yölle ennustettiin huikeaa Leonidien meteorimyrskyä, jota ei kuitenkaan tullut. Itse asiassa meteorisateen paras jakso ajoittui jo edelliselle yölle, jolloin ZHR (Zenithal Hour Rate) kohosi parhaimmillaan noin 500:een (Kanarian saaret). Tämä yö tarjosi runsaasti kirkkaita tulipalloja eli bolideja. Tuoreimpien tutkimusten mukaan ne ovat perua Tempel-Tuttle -komeetan 20 jaksoa sitten vuonna 1333 tapahtuneesta auringon kierrosta!
Itse olin seuraamassa Leonidien vyörymistä Kiinan muurilla Jinshanlingissä noin 120 kilometriä Beijingistä koilliseen. Olin varannut meteorien ja tähtitaivaan tarkkailuun ja valokuvaamiseen kolme yötä - ja hyvä näin, sillä olin paikalla myös 16. ja 17. päivien välisenä yönä. Tällöin aamuyöllä taivaalla näkyi runsaasti kirkkaita tähdenlentoja, joista osa oli luokiteltavissa tulipalloiksi eli bolideiksi (kirkkaimmat lienevät olleet luokkaa -12 magnitudia [=täysikuun kirkkaus], joskaan itse en ole asiantuntija kirkkauksien määrittelyssä). Keskityin valokuvaamiseen, joten en laskenut kovin tarkkaan meteorimääriä. Yhden tunnin aikana laskin kuvaamisen ohessa kuitenkin paria vaille sata leonidia ja muutamia sporadisia meteoreja. Muutamat meteorit olivat niin kirkkaita, että ne voi nähdä selkäpuoleltakin! Yksi upeimmista bolideista osui kameran linssiin Kiinan muurin siluettien yläpuolella. Tämä meteori jätti noin 8 minuuttia säilyneen oranssinsävyisen vanan.
Useat aamuyön leonideista olivat selvästi vihertävänsävyisiä. Yksi aivan horisontissa kulkenut leonidi oli punainen. Koko shown avannut leonidi kulki noin 20 asteen korkeudella horisontista pitkänä kaarena. Tämä meteori näkyi niin pitkään, että ehdin kiivetä muurilla kahdeksan askelta ylemmäs seuraamaan sen lentoa! Meteori lienee ollut "ilmakehän hipoja", meteori, joka kulkee aivan maapallon ilmakehää hipoen, eikä varsinaisesti törmää maapalloon!
17. ja 18. päivien välinen yö oli jo selvästi hiljaisempi. Himmeämpien leonidien seurassa näkyi vain muutama bolidi (kirkkain määriteltiin ursalaisten toimesta -8 magnitudiksi).

Common Meteor Information Links:
Meteor Showers (meteoriparvet).
Meteor & Meteorites: Explanations and Definitions (meteorisanastoa englanniksi).
Gary W. Kronk's Comets and Meteor Showers: Meteor Observing Calendar.
Forthcomonig Meteor Activity in 1999 (The Astronomer)
Meteor Glossary (The Astronomer)
The Meteors 1999 and Meteor Showers (Jordanian Astronomical Society)
Meteor Showers and their Observation (NAMS)
Meteor Streams (JPL)
1999 Meteor Shower Calendar (IMO)
News and Forthcoming Events (IMO)
Photographic Observe's Page (IMO)
Society for Popular Astronomy Meteor Section (SPA)
Meteor Showers List (SPA)
The Star Trails Society (NASA)
Observing Guide (Peter Jenniskens)
British Astronomical Assiciation Meteor Section
Dutch Meteor Society (DMS)   (New address)
How to Plan a Meteor Watch (Sky & Telescope)
How to Observe Meteors (Sky & Telescope)
Finnish Meteorites (Suomen meteoriitit) (Jarmo Moilanen)
Meteoriparvet (URSA, in Finnish)
Havaintoajat (URSA, in Finnish)
Meteoriterminologiaa (URSA, in Finnish)

Leonid Links:
Ursan leonidisivu
The Leonid Meteor Storm: Is This the Year? (Sky & Telescope)
The Leonid Meteors (Armagh Observatory)
Leonid Dust Trails (Armagh Observatory) (Kaavioita maapallon kulusta leonidipölyvanojen läpi!)
Leonid MAC '99 Multi-Intsrument Aircraft Campaign (Peter Jenniskens)
The Leonids, Live! (Nasa)
Heads Up (Nasa 10th Nov.99)
Do-it-yourself Leonids (Nasa 11th Nov.99)
Leonids '99 (Olivier Staiger)
Near-Live Leonid Watching System
Astronomical Society of Australia Leonid page
Astronomical Society of Victoria Meteor Section
Position of Leonid Radiant (Leonidien radiantin sijainti).
Gary W. Kronk's Leonid Pages (Gary W. Kronkin leonidisivut).
Leonid Observations: 1833 to present (Gary W. Kronk)
Leonids: 1966 Recollections (Gary W. Kronk)
Leonid Results 1998 (Gary W. Kronk)
Leonid Predictions for 1999 and beyond (Gary W. Kronk)
'99 Leonid Airborne Mission
International Leonid Watch
Preparing for the 1999 Leonids (IMO). Prospects 1999.
The Leonid Meteor Shower (IMO).
Submitting Your Observations (IMO).
The 1998 Leonid Results (IMO).
A Picture Guide to Leonids (IMO).
Links to Leonid Web Sites (IMO).
Meteor Storms (Leonids and Dragonids).
1996-2002 Leonid Outburst Event Summary.
Observing Hints for the 1998 Leonid Return.(osittain vanhaa tietoa, mutta myös yleistä perustietoa)
Understanding the Leonid Meteor Storms (The Aerospace Corporation). 1999 Encounter Data.
Leonids 1999 (Arbeitskreis Meteore, Germany). Pilvisyystietoja Euroopasta ja Pohjois-Afrikasta.
The 1999 Leonids (SPA Meteor Section)
Coping with very High Meteor Activity (SPA Meteor Section)
Next 3 Leonid Showers Should Be Great (Astronomy Magazine).
Leonid radiant position (The Astronomer)
On Predicting the Time of Leonid Storms (The Astronomer)
Leonid Storm including Predictions 1999-2001
Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and the Leonid Meteor Shower
The Upcoming Leonid Meteor Storms
Sky & Telescope's Meteor Page
Leonids - Awaiting the Storm (Sky & Telescope)
The Return of Leonid Meteors (1998 Prewiev) (Sky & Telescope)
The November Leonids - Will they roar? (Donald K.Yeomans/JPL)
Estimation of Meteoroid Flux for the Upcoming Leonid Storms (William Cooke/MSFC)
The Leonids - The King of the Meteor Showers (Sky & Telescope)
Leonid Watch UK
Fine Leonid Meteor Displays Predicted through to 2002
Ancient and Medieval Leonid Observations
The Leonid Meteors (Royal Observatory Greenwich)
Leonid Storm Fluence Calculator
Leónidas 1998-1999 (in Spanish)
Leonidi-expedition Kyprokselle
Leonids on the Moon (NASA)

Geminids!   Maximum on the 13th/14th December:
Geminids (Nasa)
Great Geminids! (Nasa Space Science News)
Geminids (Gary Kronk)

Tietoa meteoriittien ominaisuuksista, meteoriittien myyjiä, harrastajia, julkaisuja ym.:
Gallery of Meteorite Images
Impact Site
Meteorite Central
Meteorite Studies
Meteorites and their properties  
Meteoroids and meteorites
Midwest Meteorites
New England Meteoritical Services   
The Meteorite Express  
The Meteorite Market
The Meteorite Store
The Meteoritical Bulletin
The Meteoritical Society
The Oscar E. Monnig Meteorite Collection

Stone Gallery   Pekka Lunnikiven laaja kivigalleria Hämeenlinnassa. Antia myös perhosharrastajille!

Weather Links:
UM Weather (useita paikkakuntia/maa) (Tiedot saa myös selvällä suomenkielellä, klikkaa S!):
Eurooppa (maahakemisto), Finland (S), Sweden (S), Germany (S), Italy (S), Spain (S).
Africa (S) (maahakemisto), Canary Islands (S), Morocco (S), Tunisia (S), Egypt (S).
Asia (S) (maahakemisto), Israel (S), Lebanon (S), Jordan (S), Cyprus (S).
Satellite weather map (The Weather Channel)
Information in English: click the country name.
Information in Finnish: click (S) after the country name.

Back to Timo Leponiemi Astronomy Pages

Timo Leponiemi, Box 7, FIN-05901 Hyvinkää, FINLAND.
Tel. +358-400-939939.  E-mail: fmbb@sci.fi

 kävijää sivullani (laskuri aktivoitu 5.12.1998)